未找到活动
信息
- 0 曲目
- 男性
- 社交链接
- 他是
-
Anabolic Steroids: What They Are, Uses, Side Effects & Risks
**Summary:**
Steroids (anabolic–androgenic steroids) are synthetic hormones that promote muscle growth and alter physical appearance, often used illegally for performance enhancement. They carry significant health risks and legal restrictions.
---
### Detailed Explanation
| **Aspect** | **Description** |
|------------|-----------------|
| **What They Are** | Synthetic derivatives of testosterone (or other natural steroids) designed to increase protein synthesis in cells, leading to greater muscle mass and strength. |
| **Common Uses** | • Athletes/Bodybuilders (illegal or unregulated use)
• Some medical conditions (e.g., delayed puberty, severe anemia). |
| **Administration Routes** | Oral pills, injectable solutions, transdermal patches/gels. |
| **Effects on the Body** | • ↑ Muscle protein synthesis
• ↓ Fat mass (sometimes)
• Potential changes in mood, libido, and energy levels.
• Possible liver toxicity (especially with oral forms). |
| **Side Effects / Risks** | • Hormonal imbalance: gynecomastia, acne, hair loss
• Cardiovascular issues: hypertension, dyslipidemia
• Liver damage, especially with high doses or prolonged use
• Psychological changes: aggression, depression.
• Reduced natural testosterone production (testicular atrophy). |
| **Legal Status** | • In many countries, anabolic steroids are controlled substances; possession without prescription is illegal.
• Some jurisdictions allow them for veterinary use or under specific medical conditions.
• Sports organizations ban them due to unfair advantage and health risks.
• In the U.S., they are classified as Schedule III controlled substances under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). |
| **Health Risks & Side Effects** | • Cardiovascular: increased blood pressure, altered lipid profiles leading to atherosclerosis.
• Hormonal: gynecomastia, impotence, infertility.
• Hepatic: elevated liver enzymes; risk of hepatic adenomas and peliosis hepatis.
• Dermatologic: acne, oily skin, seborrheic dermatitis.
• Psychiatric: mood swings, aggression (often called "roid rage").
• Long-term: potential for irreversible organ damage, endocrine disruption, or even malignancies. |
| **Regulation & Enforcement** | • The DEA and FDA enforce strict controls on distribution.
• Off-label use is monitored via the prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP).
• Unauthorized possession of anabolic steroids triggers federal penalties including fines and imprisonment. |
---
### 3. Practical Guidance for You
| Step | What to Do | Why It Matters |
|------|------------|----------------|
| **Identify the Substance** | Write down its exact name, appearance (color, shape), any markings or packaging. | Allows your healthcare provider to know precisely what you’re dealing with and look up relevant toxicology data. |
| **Avoid Further Use** | Do not consume more of it. | Prevents additional toxicity or complications. |
| **Check for Symptoms** | Monitor for nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, headache, dizziness, changes in vision, palpitations, or any other abnormal feelings. | Early recognition of potential adverse effects can prompt quicker medical care. |
| **Seek Medical Attention Promptly** | Call your local emergency number or go to the nearest urgent care/ER if you experience concerning symptoms. | Timely evaluation is critical; some substances may cause delayed reactions that become serious after initial mild symptoms. |
| **Inform Healthcare Providers** | Tell them exactly what you took, including amount and how it was consumed (oral, intravenous, etc.). | Accurate information helps clinicians decide on appropriate testing and treatment. |
| **Keep the Substance or Packaging If Possible** | In case it can be analyzed for toxicology or safety assessment. | The original container might contain dosage instructions or warnings that are useful for professionals. |
---
## 4. How Medical Professionals Assess an Unknown Substance
| Step | What They Do | Why It Matters |
|------|--------------|----------------|
| **1. Gather Context** | Ask about *dose*, *route of administration* (oral, IV, inhaled), *time of ingestion*, and *medical history*. | Determines how quickly it could affect the body and which organs to monitor. |
| **2. Physical & Neurological Exam** | Look for changes in vital signs, level of consciousness, pupil size, skin color, tremor, seizures. | Helps identify potential organ systems involved (e.g., CNS toxicity vs. hepatic). |
| **3. Baseline Labs** | CBC, electrolytes, liver enzymes (AST/ALT), kidney function (BUN/Cr), coagulation profile (PT/PTT), blood glucose. | Provides a reference to spot abnormalities quickly and gauge severity. |
| **4. Imaging & Electrodiagnostics** | If seizures or focal deficits are suspected: CT/MRI brain; if cardiac symptoms, ECG, echocardiogram. | Detects structural lesions or arrhythmias that might explain the presentation. |
| **5. Monitoring & Supportive Care** | Continuous pulse oximetry, capnography (if ventilation is required), bedside glucose checks. | Allows prompt intervention for hypoxia, hyper/hypoglycemia, or acidosis. |
> **Key Point:** In a busy ED setting, rapid triage and obtaining a focused history (e.g., recent seizures, drug ingestion) are essential to direct the work‑up efficiently.
---
## 3. Differential Diagnosis: What Could Explain His Symptoms?
| Category | Possible Conditions |
|----------|---------------------|
| **Neurologic** | • Post‑ictal state after generalized tonic–clonic seizure
• Acute focal or diffuse cerebral edema (post‑seizure, trauma, stroke)
• Encephalitis/meningoencephalitis (viral or bacterial) |
| **Infectious** | • Bacterial meningitis (especially *Neisseria meningitidis*, *Streptococcus pneumoniae*)
• Viral meningitis (HSV, enteroviruses)
• Sepsis with neuro‑involvement |
| **Metabolic/Endocrine** | • Hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia
• Electrolyte disturbances (hyponatremia/hypernatremia)
• Thyroid dysfunction |
| **Neoplastic** | • Brain tumor causing increased intracranial pressure and seizures |
| **Traumatic** | • Subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma, diffuse axonal injury |
---
## 2. Differential Diagnosis & Evaluation
### A. Sepsis‑Associated Encephalopathy (SAE)
- **Key Features:** Altered mental status without focal deficits; normal neuroimaging; may have seizures.
- **Diagnostic Approach:**
- Full sepsis workup (blood cultures, lactate, CRP, procalcitonin).
- Neuro‑lab tests: CBC, CMP, coagulation profile.
- CSF analysis to rule out meningitis/encephalitis if indicated by focal signs or abnormal imaging.
- **Management:** Treat underlying infection aggressively; supportive care; control seizures.
### B. Metabolic Encephalopathy (e.g., hepatic encephalopathy)
- **Key Features:** Hyperammonemia, altered consciousness, possibly seizures; history of liver disease.
- **Diagnostic Approach:**
- Serum ammonia levels.
- Liver function tests (ALT, AST, bilirubin).
- Imaging if suspect hepatic pathology.
- **Management:** Lactulose, rifaximin; correct precipitating factors.
### C. Acute Ischemic Stroke
- **Key Features:** Sudden onset focal deficits; neuroimaging essential.
- **Diagnostic Approach:**
- CTA or MRA to assess vessel patency.
- DWI MRI for early infarct detection.
- **Management:** If within window and no contraindication, consider thrombolysis (tPA) or thrombectomy.
### D. Large Vessel Occlusion
- **Key Features:** Severe deficits; CTA often reveals occlusion of proximal arteries (e.g., M1 segment).
- **Diagnostic Approach:**
- CTA for vessel status.
- MR angiography if CTA unavailable.
- **Management:** Endovascular thrombectomy is the standard care.
---
## 4. Imaging Protocols and Interpretation
### A. Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA)
1. **Indications**
- Suspected large vessel occlusion (LVO).
- Rapid evaluation of cerebral vasculature in emergency settings.
2. **Technique**
- Multi-detector CT scanner with 0.5–1 mm collimation.
- Contrast injection: 80–100 mL at 4–5 mL/s, followed by saline flush.
- Acquisition window: arterial phase (20–25 s post-injection).
- Reconstruction in axial, sagittal, coronal planes; maximum intensity projection (MIP) and volume rendering.
3. **Interpretation**
- Identify occlusion site (internal carotid artery, proximal MCA, basilar artery).
- Evaluate collateral circulation: leptomeningeal anastomoses, circle of Willis integrity.
- Detect vessel wall irregularities or dissection.
4. **Clinical Impact**
- Determines eligibility for endovascular thrombectomy (e.g., time window ≤6 h, favorable collateral status).
- Guides surgical planning in cases with large vessel occlusion and impending infarct expansion.
---
### 2. Diffusion‑Weighted Imaging (DWI) – Core Infarction
| Parameter | Typical Value |
|-----------|---------------|
| Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) | Decrease to <0.6 × 10⁻³ mm²/s |
| Signal intensity on DWI | Hyperintense |
| Volume | Varies; 1–2 cm³ in early stage |
#### Clinical Significance
- **Core definition**: The non‑viable tissue destined for infarction.
- **Prognostication**: Larger cores predict higher mortality and poorer outcomes, especially when >70 ml.
- **Treatment decisions**: In massive core (e.g., >100 ml), aggressive therapies like thrombolysis may be contraindicated due to risk of hemorrhagic transformation.
#### Management
- Early imaging (CT/MRI) within 6 hrs is essential for determining core size and guiding therapy.
- If core volume is high, consider alternative strategies such as mechanical thrombectomy or targeted hypothermia if feasible.
---
## 2. Penumbra – Viable but Ischemic Tissue
| Feature | Clinical Significance | Management Implications |
|---------|-----------------------|--------------------------|
| **Location** | Often in the MCA territory; may extend into ACA/insular cortex. | Indicates at-risk regions that can be salvaged with timely reperfusion. |
| **Pathophysiology** | Reduced cerebral blood flow below threshold → impaired neuronal metabolism but reversible. | Must act quickly to restore perfusion before irreversible damage occurs. |
| **Imaging** | Diffusion‑weighted MRI shows a small core; FLAIR or CT perfusion reveals larger mismatch. | Guides decision for thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy. |
| **Treatment** | Reperfusion via IV tPA, intra‑arterial fibrinolytics, or endovascular clot retrieval. | Early intervention can prevent expansion of infarct. |
---
### Key Take‑Away
- **Ischemic stroke** is a medical emergency: the brain tissue’s tolerance to oxygen deprivation is short‑lived.
- The earlier reperfusion therapy (IV tPA, thrombectomy), the higher the chance that a patient will regain useful neurological function and avoid long‑term disability.
- In clinical practice, imaging (CT/MRI) and rapid assessment guide decisions; time from symptom onset remains the most critical factor.
This framework underpins why stroke protocols emphasize "time is brain" and drive the organization of rapid-response systems in hospitals worldwide. - https://linkhaste.com/loraahmed32246
关注的艺术家
每周热门曲目
